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专升本英语定语从句详细说

 


一、定语从句的概念
   在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
   引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
   根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
   1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue.
   2. which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
The film(which)we saw last night was wonderful.
   3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
Who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to?
注意:

(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。

    This is the house in which we lived last year.
    Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
    This is the person whom you are looking for. 

(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
    The city that she lives in is very far away.

(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
   He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
   Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
   This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
   I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
   Who is the girl that is crying?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
   There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.

(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
   What‘s that which is under the desk?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
  This is the room in which he lives.
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
   Tom came back, which made us happy.
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:
   This was the time when he arrived.
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:
   This is place where he works.
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
   Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
六、在such…as, the same…as…, as…as…结构中,as引导的是定语从句,as不可换成that。
例如:This is not such a book as I expected.
This is the same tool as I used last time.

 

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